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Standard Deviation Formulas & Steps
Population Standard Deviation (σ)
σ = √[ Σ(xᵢ − μ)² / N ]
Used when you have the entire population.
Sample Standard Deviation (s)
s = √[ Σ(xᵢ − x̄)² / (n − 1) ]
Used for samples to estimate population parameters (Bessel's correction).
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